Gopher, Woodchuck And Marmot - Same Animal?

Species of mammal (rodent in the marmot genus)

Groundhog
Groundhog at Laval University campus, Quebec, Canada
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.one)[1]
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Grade:	Mammalia
Gild:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Genus:	Marmota
Species:	M. monax
Binomial name
Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
Yard. one thousand. monax Linnaeus, 1758 Thousand. m. canadensis Erxleben, 1777 Thou. m. ignava Bangs, 1899 K. thou. rufescens A. H. Howell, 1914
Groundhog range
Synonyms
Mus monax Linnaeus, 1758 Arctomys monax (Linnaeus, 1758)

The groundhog (Marmota monax), too known as a woodchuck, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of big footing squirrels known every bit marmots.^[ii] The groundhog is a lowland creature of North America; it is found through much of the Eastern United States, across Canada and into Alaska.^[3] Information technology was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.^[4]

The groundhog is too referred to equally a chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistlepig,^{[five] [half dozen]} whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, reddish monk,^[6] land beaver,^[7] and, amidst French Canadians in eastern Canada, siffleux.^[eight] The proper name "thickwood badger" was given in the Northwest to distinguish the brute from the prairie badger. Monax (Móonack) is an Algonquian name of the woodchuck, which ways "digger" (cf. Lenape monachgeu).^{[9] [10]} Young groundhogs may be called chucklings.^{[eleven] : 66}

The groundhog, being a lowland animal, is exceptional amid marmots. Other marmots, such as the yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas. Groundhogs play an important role maintaining good for you soil in woodland and patently areas. The groundhog is considered a crucial habitat engineer.^{[12] [xiii] [fourteen]} Groundhogs are considered the near solitary of the marmot species. They live in aggregations, and their social organization also varies across populations. Groundhogs do not form stable, long-term pair-bonds, and during mating season male-female interactions are limited to copulation. In Ohio, adult males and females acquaintance with each other throughout the year and often from yr to yr.^{[15] [16]} Groundhogs are an extremely intelligent animal forming complex social networks, able to empathize social behavior, class kinship with their young, understand and communicate threats through whistling, and piece of work cooperatively to solve tasks such as burrowing.^{[17] [18]}

Clarification [edit]

Groundhog displaying its incisors

The groundhog is by far the largest sciurid in its geographical range, excepting British Columbia where its range may abut that of its somewhat larger cousin, the hoary marmot. Adults may measure out from 41.viii to 68.5 cm (16+ vii⁄16 to 26+ 15⁄16  in) in total length, including a tail of 9.5 to 18.7 cm (3+ 3⁄4 to 7+ three⁄8  in).^{[nineteen] [20] [21]} Weights of adult groundhogs typically fall between 2 and 6.3 kg (iv lb 7 oz and 13 lb fourteen oz).^{[21] [22] [23]}

Male groundhogs boilerplate slightly larger than females and, like all marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when engaged in autumn hyperphagia) than when emerging from hibernation in spring. Adult males average twelvemonth-around weight 3.83 kg (viii lb seven oz), with spring to fall average weights of iii.i to 5.07 kg (half dozen lb 13 oz to xi lb iii oz) while females average 3.53 kg (7 lb 13 oz), with jump to fall averages of three.08 to four.8 kg (6 lb thirteen oz to 10 lb 9 oz).^{[19] [24]} Seasonal weight changes indicate circannual deposition and utilise of fat. Groundhogs accomplish progressively higher weights each year for the first ii or three years, later which weight plateaus.^[19]

Groundhogs have four incisor teeth, which grow 1.5 millimetres ( 1⁄16  in) per week. Constant usage wears them down once more past near that much each week.^[25] Unlike the incisors of many other rodents, the incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory-white.^{[26] [27]} Groundhogs are well-adapted for digging, with powerful, short legs and broad, long claws. The groundhog'southward tail is shorter than that of other sciurids—merely about ane-fourth of body length.

Etymology [edit]

The etymology of the proper name woodchuck is unrelated to woods or chucking. Information technology stems from an Algonquian (perhaps Narragansett) name for the animal, wuchak.^[28] The similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister:^[29]

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

if a woodchuck could chuck wood?

A woodchuck would chuck all the forest he could

if a woodchuck could chuck wood!

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a couch archway.^[30] Marmota monax has a wide geographic range. It is typically plant in low-elevation forests, small woodlots, fields, pastures and hedgerows. It constructs dens in well-tuckered soil, and most have summertime and wintertime dens. Man activeness has increased food admission and abundance, allowing Yard. monax to thrive.^[31]

Survival [edit]

Groundhogs tin climb trees to escape predators.

In the wild, groundhogs tin can alive up to vi years with two or three being boilerplate. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Man development, which ofttimes produces openings juxtaposed with 2d growth trees that are incidentally also favored past groundhogs, often ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are about free of predators, beyond humans (through diverse forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-big sized dogs.^[32]

Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern Due north America include coyotes, badgers,^[33] bobcats, and foxes (largely simply cerise fox). Many of these predators are successful stealth stalkers then can catch groundhogs by surprise earlier the large rodents can escape to their burrows; badgers probable chase them past earthworks them out from their burrows. Coyotes in detail are sizable enough to overpower whatever groundhog, with the latter existence the third most significant casualty species per a statewide study in Pennsylvania.^{[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]}

Large predators such equally gray wolf and eastern cougar are basically extirpated in the due east but however may hunt groundhogs on occasion in Canada.^{[40] [41]} Gold eagles can also prey on developed groundhogs, but seldom occur in the same range or in the same habitats as this marmot. Likewise, cracking horned owls tin reportedly, per Bent (1938), prey upon groundhogs, merely this owl rarely does so, particularly given the temporal differences in their behaviors.^{[42] [43]}

Young groundhogs (usually those less than a couple months in historic period) may also be taken by an American mink, peradventure other smallish mustelids, cats, timber rattlesnakes, and hawks. Red-tailed hawks can take groundhogs at least of up to the size of yearling juveniles, and northern goshawks tin accept them up to peradventure weak emergent-adult groundhogs in the Spring.^{[19] [21] [44] [45] [46]}

Beyond their large size, groundhogs have several successful anti-predator behaviors, usually retreating to the safety of their burrow which well-nigh predators will non attempt to enter, but also existence ready to fight off with their sharp claws and large incisors any who printing the attack. They can also scale trees to escape a threat.^{[47] [48]}

Occasionally, woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from leaner transmitted by vectors.^[49] In areas of intensive agronomics and the dairying regions of the land of Wisconsin, particularly in its southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been near extirpated.^{[50] : 124} Jackson (1961) suggested that exaggerated reports of harm done by the woodchuck led to excessive alternative, substantially reducing its numbers in the land.

In some areas woodchucks are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky, an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971 (Barbour and Davis 1974).^[51] Woodchucks had protected status in the land of Wisconsin^[52] until 2017.^[53] Woodchuck numbers appear to take decreased in Illinois.^[54]

Behavior [edit]

A motionless individual, alarm to danger, volition whistle when alarmed, to warn other groundhogs.

The fourth dimension spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a modest fraction of time devoted to the field research.^[55] Due west.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hibernate when they run across, smell or hear the observer.^{[11] : 41–43} Marmot researcher Ken Armitage states that the social biology of the groundhog is poorly studied.^[56] Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are achieved swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their environment.^[57] They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors and front claws. Groundhogs are by and large agonistic and territorial among their own species and may skirmish to establish authority.^[58] Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when non actively feeding. It is mutual to see one or more than nearly motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they utilize a high-pitched whistle to warn the balance of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig".^{[59] [60]} Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator.^[60] Other sounds groundhogs may make include low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth.^[60] David P. Barash wrote that he witnessed merely two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax. He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is office of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.^[61]

Clover is a preferred food source for groundhogs.

Diet [edit]

By and large herbivorous, groundhogs swallow primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries and agronomical crops, when available.^[58] In early bound, dandelion and coltsfoot are important groundhog food items. Some additional foods include sheep sorrel, timothy-grass, buttercup, tearthumb, agrimony, ruby and black raspberries, mulberries, buckwheat, plantain, wild lettuce, all varieties of clover, and alfalfa.^[62] Groundhogs also occasionally eat small animals, such as grubs, grasshoppers, snails, and fifty-fifty baby birds,^[63] but are non as omnivorous equally many other Sciuridae.

An developed groundhog can eat more than a pound of vegetation daily.^[64] In early June, woodchucks' metabolism slows, and while their food intake decreases, their weight increases by every bit much as 100% as they produce fat deposits to sustain them during hibernation and tardily winter.^[65] Instead of storing nutrient, groundhogs stuff themselves to survive the winter without eating.^[66] Thought non to drink h2o, groundhogs are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of nutrient-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.^{[67] [68] [69]}

Burrows [edit]

Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. Westward. J. Schoonmaker excavated xi dens, finding that the volume of earth removed from these averaged 6 cubic feet (0.17 1000³) per den. The longest couch measured 24 feet (vii.3 g) plus ii curt side galleries. The volume of soil taken from this den was 8 Us bushels (0.28 one thousand³), weighing 640 pounds (290 kg). The average weight of the world taken from all eleven dens was 384 pounds (174 kg).^[70] Though groundhogs are the about lone of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows tin can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development past damaging farm machinery and fifty-fifty undermining building foundations.^[59] In a June 7, 2009, Humane Lodge of the United States article, "How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard", John Griffin, managing director of Humane Wild fauna Services, stated you would take to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose whatever risk to a construction.

Groundhog with mouthful of burrow material

The burrow is used for condom, retreat in bad atmospheric condition, hibernating, sleeping, beloved nest, and nursery. In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The hibernation or nest chamber is lined with dead leaves and dried grasses.^[71] The nest chamber may be about 20 inches to three feet beneath ground surface. It is about 16 inches (41 cm) wide and 14 inches (36 cm) high. In that location are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main archway, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes side galleries. Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was 24 feet (vii.3 m), and the average length of eleven dens was 14 anxiety (four.3 k).^[72] W. H. Fisher investigated 9 burrows, finding the deepest betoken 49 inches (120 cm) downward. The longest, including side galleries, was 47 ft 11.5 in (fourteen.62 k).^[73] Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decrease with urbanization.^{[74] [75]}

Bachman mentioned that when the young groundhogs are a few months former, they prepare for separation, digging a number of holes in the area of their early home. Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in communities.^[76]

Hibernation [edit]

Groundhog gathering nesting material for its warm burrow

Groundhogs are 1 of the few species that enter into true hibernation, and often build a separate "winter couch" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug beneath the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the wintertime months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hide as little equally three months.^[77] Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes.^{[78] [79]} To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight soon earlier entering hibernation.^[80] When the groundhog enters hibernation, at that place is a drop in body temperature to as depression every bit 35 degrees Fahrenheit, heart rate falls to 4–ten beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes.^[81] During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal.^[82] Hibernating woodchucks lose as much as half their body weight by February.^[83] They sally from hibernation with some remaining trunk fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food.^[lxxx] Males emerge from hibernation earlier females.^{[84] [85]} Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and are ofttimes active early in the morning or late afternoon.^[86]

Reproduction [edit]

Usually groundhogs breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their outset. The breeding flavour extends from early March to mid- or late April, later hibernation. Woodchucks are polygynous ^[87] but only tall and woodchuck marmot females have been shown to mate with multiple males.^[88] A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day gestation flow.^[89] As birth of the young approaches in Apr or May, the male leaves the den. 1 litter is produced annually. Female woodchucks give birth to one to nine offspring, with about litters ranging between three and v pups.^[90] Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family.^{[91] : 316} Past the end of Baronial, the family unit breaks upwardly; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.^[92]

Relationship with humans [edit]

Both their diet and their addiction of burrowing make groundhogs serious nuisance animals around farms and gardens. They will eat many unremarkably grown vegetables, and their burrows can undermine foundations.

Very oft, the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals, including skunks, cherry foxes, and cottontail rabbits. Foxes and skunks feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the groundhog indirectly helps the farmer. In addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is as well a valuable game animal and is considered a hard sport when hunted in a fair manner.^[93] In some parts of the U.S., they have been eaten.^[94]

A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee describes the groundhog's objectionable graphic symbol:^{[95] [96]}

The woodchuck, despite its deformities both of mind and body, possesses some of the amenities of a college civilisation. Information technology cleans its face subsequently the manner of the squirrels, and licks its fur after the manner of a true cat. Your committee is also wise, even so, to be deceived by this purely superficial observation of amend habits. Contemporaneous with the ark, the woodchuck has not made whatsoever material progress in social science, and it is at present too late to reform the wayward sinner. The average age of the woodchuck is too long to please your committee.... The woodchuck is not only a nuisance, but as well a bore. It burrows below the soil, so chuckles to see a mowing car, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear....

The commission concludes that "a small bounty will evidence of incalculable good; at all events, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed."^[97]

Groundhogs may be raised in captivity, just their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Isle Zoo, has been quoted as saying "They're known for their aggression, and so you're starting from a hard place. His natural impulse is to impale 'em all and let God sort 'em out. Y'all have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly."^[98] Groundhogs cared for in wild fauna rehabilitation that survive only cannot be returned to the wild may remain with their caregivers and go educational ambassadors.^{[99] [100] [101]}

In the Us and Canada, the yearly Feb 2 Groundhog Day commemoration has given the groundhog recognition and popularity. The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Punxsutawney Phil, Wiarton Willie, Jimmy the Groundhog, Dunkirk Dave, and Staten Island Chuck kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania; Wiarton, Ontario; Dominicus Prairie, Wisconsin; Dunkirk, New York; and Staten Island respectively. The 1993 one-act film Groundhog Day references several events related to Groundhog Day, and portrays both Punxsutawney Phil himself, and the annual Groundhog 24-hour interval ceremony. Famous Southern groundhogs include General Beauregard Lee, based at Dauset Trails Nature Center outside Atlanta, Georgia.^[102]

Groundhogs are used in medical inquiry on hepatitis B-induced liver cancer. A percentage of the woodchuck population is infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), similar to human hepatitis B virus. Humans practice non receive hepatitis from woodchucks with WHV, but the virus and its effects on the liver make the woodchuck the best bachelor brute for the study of viral hepatitis in humans. The just other animate being model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species.^[103] Woodchucks are also used in biomedical research investigating metabolic function, obesity, free energy balance, the endocrine arrangement, reproduction, neurology, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular affliction, and neoplastic affliction.^[104] Researching the hibernation patterns of groundhogs may lead to benefits for humans, including lowering of the heart rate in complicated surgical procedures.^[105]

Groundhog burrows have revealed at to the lowest degree two archaeological sites, the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio^[106] and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania. Archaeologists have never excavated the Ufferman Site, but the activities of local groundhogs have revealed numerous artifacts. They favor the loose soil of the esker at the site lies, and their burrow earthworks has brought many objects to the surface: man and animal bones, pottery, and $.25 of stone.^[106] Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at Aztalan, Jefferson Canton, Wisconsin.^[107]

Robert Frost'southward poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a modest ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence.^[108]

• 

  Shut encounter with human photographer at Sheldon Marsh State Nature Preserve, Ohio

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Further reading [edit]

• Bezuidenhout, A. J.; Evans, Howard E. (2005). Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61270. ISBN9781891276439.

External links [edit]

• Woodchuck, Hinterland Who's Who
• Woodchuck (Groundhog), Missouri Conservation Commission
• NIH Guide: Convenance AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY FOR WOODCHUCKS (MARMOTA MONAX) Breeding and Experimental Facility for Woodchucks

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog

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